Fate of Parasites and Viruses in Calcium Hydroxide-Treated Urine in Relation to Temperature and Moisture Content

Human urine can be used as fertilizer and technologies, such alkaline-urine treatment, are being developed to enable easier re-use. There is, however, a risk of pathogens present in the urine. This hygiene assessment examined inactivation three model organisms, one parasite ( Ascaris suum ) two viruses (coliphages MS2 ΦX174), during 1) treatment 2) drying alkalized-urine A. only). Fresh human was mixed with calcium hydroxide (10 g Ca(OH) 2 L −1 urine) divided into fractions (Mixed liquor, Supernate, Precipitates). The factions were inoculated organisms then subjected treatments (Drying-storage, Stored Thermal treatment) at temperatures between 20 50°C. For , (moisture content (MC) 13–33%) proved effective shortening time required for 3 log 10 reduction viable eggs 20°C, but only Partially (MC 73–82%) led longer times compared Wet >90%) or Dry conditions. While virus took place initial addition that embedded feces survived free viruses. At pH 11.5, contact 1.5 90.7 min achieve 4 decay phages solution respectively. In areas prone parasites, (≥42°C) and/or Storage (111 days 20°C 79 35°C) is recommended order meet WHO USEPA guidelines unrestricted use. Drying also combination thermal storage, accelerate process.